Thermodynamics boles solution manual

It violatesthe second lawofthermodynamics. Mass, Force, and Units C In thisunit,the word light refersto thespeedoflight. The light-yearunit isthen theproduct ofa velocityandtime. Hence,thisproduct formsa distance dimensionandunit. One pound-force isthe force required toaccelerate a massof In otherwords,the weight ofa 1-lbmmassat sea level is1 lbf. Itsweight isto be determined. AnalysisApplyingNewton'ssecondlaw,the weight isdetermined tobe 2 kg 9.

Itsweightisto be determined. AnalysisApplyingNewton'ssecondlaw,the weight isdetermined tobe 2 2 1 lbf 10 lbm The netupwardforce acting ona man in the aircraft isto be determined. The percentreductionin the weight ofan airplanecruising at 13,misto be determined. PropertiesThegravitational accelerationg isgivento be 9.

DiscussionNote that the weightlossat cruisingaltitudesisnegligible. Theweight ofthe combinedsystemisto be determined. AssumptionsThe densityofwaterisconstant throughout. The accelerationofthe rock isto be determined. AnalysisTheweight ofthe rock is 2 2 1 N 2 kg 9. The entiresolution byappropriate software isto be printedout,includingthe numericalresultswithproperunits. AnalysisTheproblemissolvedusing EES,andthe solutionisgivenbelow. The amount ofelectricenergyusedin kWh and kJ are to be determined.

It isto be determined howmuchhe willweighonthe springandbeam scalesin space. Analysis a Aspring scalemeasuresweight,which isthe localgravitationalforce appliedon a body: 2 2 1 lbf lbm 5. Based onunit considerationsalone,a relationisto be obtainedforthe fillingtime. AssumptionsGasoline isan incompressible substance and theflowrate isconstant.

AnalysisThefillingtimedependsonthe volumeofthe tank andthedischargerate ofgasoline. Therefore,the independent quantitiesshouldbe arranged such that we end upwith the unitofseconds. Systems, Properties, State, and Processes CCarbondioxide isgenerated bythe combustionoffuel in the engine. Any systemselectedforthisanalysismust include thefuel andairwhileit isundergoing combustion.

The volume that containsthisair-fuelmixturewithinpiston- cylinderdevice canbe usedforthispurpose. One canalso place the entire engine ina control boundary andtrace the system-surroundingsinteractionsto determine the rate at which theengine generatescarbondioxide. Thisincludesall streamsenteringorleavingthe lake,anyrain fallingon thelake,any waterevaporated tothe air above thelake,any seepageto the underground earth,andanyspringsthatmay be feedingwaterto the lake.

Pressure,temperature,and watercontent i. But,other propertieslike windspeed and chemicalcomposition i.

Assuming that the aircompositionand velocitydo not change andthatno pressure front motion occursduringthe day,the warmingprocessisone ofconstant pressure i. Hence,specific weight isan intensive property. Ifwe divide a systemintosmallerportions,eachportionwill containfeweratomic particlesthan the original system. The numberofmolesistherefore an extensive property.

Many engineeringprocessescan be approximated asbeingquasi-equilibrium. The work output ofa device ismaximumand the work input to a deviceisminimumwhen quasi-equilibriumprocessesare usedinstead ofnonquasi-equilibrium processes. Arelationforthe variationof densitywith elevation isto be obtained,thedensity at 7 kmelevationisto be calculated,and the massofthe atmosphere using the correlationisto be estimated. Assumptions 1 Atmosphericairbehavesasan ideal gas. The operation ofthese two thermometersisbased onthe thermal expansionofa fluid.

If the thermal expansioncoefficientsofbothfluidsvarylinearly withtemperature,thenboth fluidswill expandat the same rate with temperature,andboth thermometerswill alwaysgive identical readings. Otherwise,the tworeadingsmay deviate. The direction ofheat transfer isto be determined. AnalysisHeat transferoccursfromwarmerto coolerobjects. Therefore,heat will be transferredfromsystemB to systemA until bothsystemsreachthe same temperature.

Analysis Usingtheconversionrelationsbetweenthe varioustemperaturescales, F It isto be expressed in K. AnalysisThisproblemdealswithtemperature changes,whichare identical in Kelvin andCelsiusscales. AnalysisThisproblemdealswithtemperature changes,whichare identical in Rankineand Fahrenheitscales. Analysis Usingtheconversionrelation betweenthe temperature scales, F 32 32 C 1. Analysis Usingtheconversionrelation betweenthe temperature scales, F 1.

Pressure, Manometer, and Barometer CThe pressurerelative to theatmosphericpressure iscalled the gage pressure,andthepressure relative to an absolute vacuumiscalledabsolute pressure. Therefore,the pressure islowerat higherelevations.

Asa result,the difference betweenthe blood pressure in the veinsand the airpressure outside increases. Thispressure imbalance may cause some thin-walled veinssuch asthe onesin thenoseto burst,causingbleeding.

Theshortnessofbreathiscaused bythe lowerairdensityat higherelevations,andthusloweramount of oxygenperunitvolume. Fora constantvolume ofbloodto be dischargedby the heart,the bloodpressure must increase to overcome the increasedresistance to flow. It isthe gage pressure that doubleswhenthe depth isdoubled. Therefore,the volume flow ratesofthe two fansrunningat identicalspeedswillbe thesame,butthe massflowrateofthe fan at sea level willbe higher.

Analysis UsingthekPa to psiaunitsconversion factor, 1 psia kPa 6. Thisisto be expressedin psia unit. Properties The density ofwateristakento be Analysis Applyingthe hydrostaticequation, 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 lbf 1 ft The absolute pressure in the chamber is to be determined.

It isto be convertedto SIunits. AssumptionsThe listedpressure isgage pressure. The absolutepressure in thetankisto be determined. AnalysisTheatmospheric orbarometric pressure canbe expressedas atm 2 3 2 2 2 1 lbf 1 ft Thepressuresthisman exertson the groundwhen he standson one andon bothfeet are to be determined. Assumptions The weight ofthe personisdistributeduniformly onfootimprintarea. AnalysisThe weight ofthe man isgivento be lbf. Noting that pressure isforce perunit area,the pressure thisman exertson the ground is a On both feet: 2 2 lbf 2.

The gage pressure in the sameliquid at a different depth isto be determined. Assumptions The variationofthe density oftheliquid withdepthisnegligible. The localatmospheric pressureand the absolute pressure at the same depthin a different liquidare to be determined. Assumptions The liquidandwaterare incompressible. Then densityofthe liquidisobtainedby multiplyingitsspecific gravity bythe densityofwater, 2 3 3 SG 0. The difference between the pressuresacting on the head andon the toesisto be determined.

Assumptions Waterisan incompressible substance,andthusthedensity doesnot change with depth. Patm h P hhead htoe The verticaldistanceclimbed isto be determined. AssumptionsThe variationofairdensityand the gravitational acceleration with altitudeisnegligible. Theheight ofthe building isto be determined. Assumptions The variationofairdensitywith altitudeisnegligible. The entiresoftware solutionisto be printed out,includingthe numerical results with properunits. The pressure ofthe gasisto be determined.

The effectofthe spring force inthe range of0 to Non the pressure insidethe cylinderisto be investigated. The pressure against thespring forceisto be plotted,and resultsare to be discussed. The pressure inside the cylinderandthe effectofvolume change onpressure are to be determined.

AssumptionsFriction between the piston and thecylinderisnegligible. Analysis a The gaspressure in the piston—cylinderdevice dependsonthe atmospheric pressure andtheweightofthe piston. DiscussionIfthe gasbehavesasan idealgas,the absolutetemperature doubleswhenthe volumeisdoubledat constant pressure. Fora specifiedreadingofgage pressure,the difference betweenthefluidlevelsofthe two armsofthe manometeristo be determined formercury and water. Differential fluid height againstthe densityisto be plotted,andthe resultsare to be discussed.

The underscore displays whatever follows as subscripts in the Formatted Equations Window. Fora given oil-level differencebetweenthe twocolumns, the absolutepressure in thetank isto be determined. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined for the cases of the manometer arm with the higher and lower fluid level being attached to the tank.

AssumptionsThe fluidin the manometerisincompressible. Fora given mercury-leveldifference between thetwo columns,the absolute pressure inthe duct isto be determined.

Analysis a The pressure in theduct isaboveatmosphericpressure since the fluid columnon theduct sideisat a lowerlevel. Fora given mercury-leveldifference between the two columns,the absolute pressure inthe ductisto be determined. Analysis a The pressure in theduct isaboveatmospheric pressuresincethe fluid column onthe ductside isat a lowerlevel. Theabsolutepressure in thepipeline isto be determined.

Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. The specific gravity ofmercuryisgiven to be Also, it can be shown that the in high air column with a density of 0. Therefore,itseffect on thepressure differencebetweenthe two pipesis negligible. Assumptions1 All the liquidsare incompressible. The specific gravityofmercury isgivento be The specific gravity of oil is given to be 0. Thesepressuresare to be expressedin kPa,psi,and meterwatercolumn.

Assumptions Both mercuryand waterare incompressible substances. Thisproblemshowswhy mercury isa suitable fluid forbloodpressure measurement devices. The height thatthe bloodwill rise in the tube isto be determined. Assumptions 1 The densityofblood isconstant. Thisexplainswhy IV tubesmust be placed highto force a fluidinto the vein ofa patient. The watercolumn heightin onearmand the ratio ofthe heightsofthe two fluidsinthe otherarmare given. The height ofeachfluidin that armisto be determined.

Assumptions Both waterand oil are incompressiblesubstances. We let the height ofwaterandoilin the right armto be hw2 and ha,respectively. Thisisexpectedsince oilislighterthanwater. The specific gravity of one fluid is known, and the specific gravity oftheotherfluidisto be determined. Assumptions1 Densitiesofliquidsare constant. PropertiesThespecificgravityofone fluidisgiven to be Analysis The absolutepressure P1 isdetermined from 1 atm atm 3 3 0.

The fluid gage pressure that must be maintained in the reservoiris to be determined. Assumptions The weight ofthe piston ofthe lift isnegligible. Fora given pressure drop andbrine levelchange,the area ratioisto be determined.

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