Two kingdom classification pdf

Almost all of the body of a mushroom is actually underground, made up of tiny little strings of cells called hyphae. Scientists estimate that there are hundreds of thousands of fungus species on Earth. At one time, it was thought that fungi were simply primitive versions of plants. However, further discoveries led to the realization that fungi were different enough to belong to their very own kingdom. Now we have three kingdoms. This system works pretty well until They really need to be in their very own kingdom, the Kingdom Monera "monera" comes from the Greek word for "single", referring to the fact that these organisms are all single-celled.

They are the most abundant micro-organisms. They live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape — the spherical Coccus — the rod-shaped Bacillus — the comma shaped Vibrium — the spiral Spirillum Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.

They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum. They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and Sulphur.

Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature. The majority are important decomposers. Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs. The Five Kingdoms. Natasha Davis Dec. PalakSagar1 Oct. Hemannth Reddy Jul. Walegr Mar. Show More. Total views.

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Plant cells lack centrosome and they may have inorganic crystals. Reproduction takes place with help of agents such as air, water and insects. Asexual and vegetative method of reproduction is also not uncommon. This kingdom includes unicellular protozoans and multi-cellular animals or metazoans.

They are characterized by. Definite shape of the body and absence of branches. Ability to move from place to place. During day and night take in O 2 and release CO 2 i. Holozoic mode of nutrition since no chlorophylls present and hence they are heterotrophs. Growth is limited in animals. Growth stops after attaining a particular size and age.

Excretory system and nervous system are well developed. Reserve food material is glycogen. Lacks cell wall. They have small vacuoles. Centrosomes are present.

Cells do not have inorganic crystals. Animals do not depend on any external agents for sexual reproduction. Regeneration of body parts and asexual reproduction is found only in lower organisms. Limitations of Two Kingdom System of Classification. The two kingdom system of Classification proposed by Linnaeus has been in use for a long time.

But later it proved to be inadequate and unsatisfactory in view of new information and discoveries about the lower forms of organisms. The following are the shortcomings of the two kingdom system of classification. Certain organisms share the characteristics j of both plants and animals.

So that the plant and animal kingdoms become more systematic. The Monera and Protista kingdoms are still heterogenous because both include autotrophic and heterotrophic forms and some with or without cell wall. In the years around there was an emphasis on phylogeny and redefining the kingdoms to be monophyletic. The Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi were generally reduced to core groups of closely related forms, and the others thrown into the Protista.

Such six-kingdom systems have become standard in many works. In , Carl Woese proposed that the Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Eukarvota represent three primary lines of descent and accordingly he promoted them to domains, naming them Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. This three-domain classification has received notable criticism but has generally displaced the older two-empire system as a way of organizing kingdoms together.

Status of Bacteria :. Initially bacteria were considered as primitive animals by some, primitive plants by the others and a few considered them as primitive fungi. But, now, bacteria are considered as the simplest prokaryotic organisms which evolved about 3.

On the basis of molecular homology of 16S RNA, monerans are divided into two major groups: the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria. The status of viruses is uncertain and highly debatable as they exhibit the characteristics of both non-living and living.

As viruses are metabolically inert outside the host cells, they cannot be regarded as organism. They can be crystallized, but they cannot be reduced to the status of chemicals, because they have the capability to multiply and infect the living cells.

Because of their acellular nature, viruses are not included under any of the five kingdoms of Whittaker. Top Menu BiologyDiscussion. Classification and Nomenclature of Organism.

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